How Much Does Surgery Cost With and Without Insurance?

Surgery costs can vary widely, from a few thousand dollars for a minor outpatient procedure to over a million dollars for complex organ transplants. According to a 2023 AHRQ report, total hospital costs in the United States have risen by about 10% over the last three years. For you, this means it’s even more important to plan ahead and explore your coverage or payment options before undergoing surgery.

Understand Elective vs. Non-Elective Surgeries

Elective Surgery

Elective surgeries are planned in advance and not for life-threatening emergencies. Examples include cosmetic surgery, joint replacements, or cataract surgery. Insurance coverage for elective surgery can differ a lot. Many elective cosmetic procedures aren’t covered unless they’re considered medically necessary (meaning they are needed to prevent or treat a health condition). You’ll often need pre-authorization—approval from your insurer—before you have the surgery.

Non-Elective Surgery

Non-elective surgeries include emergency procedures for life-threatening conditions and medically necessary surgeries that must happen soon but may not be urgent in the next few hours. These surgeries are usually covered by insurance, but your share of the cost depends on your plan’s deductible, copayments, and coinsurance. Emergency surgeries generally don’t require pre-authorization because there isn’t time to wait for insurer approval.

Cosmetic Surgery

Cosmetic surgery is typically considered elective unless it’s part of reconstructive treatment. In some cases—such as a breast reduction to relieve chronic pain or reconstruction after injury—insurance might cover the procedure. When insurance does provide coverage, you’ll likely need to show medical necessity and get pre-authorization.

Cost of Surgery Without Insurance

According to the 2023 Milliman Health Cost Guidelines, surgeries can cost between $4,000 and $200,000 without insurance, depending on the procedure and setting. Heart transplants remain among the most expensive, often exceeding $1 million. At the other end, elective surgeries like LASIK eye surgery (around $4,000) tend to be less pricey. You should also factor in hospital stays, tests, and medications, which quickly add up.